Linguistics International Journal (LIJ) is the scientific study of language, as such, it is comprised of the study of the structure and development of a  particular language and its relationship to other languages, the connection between language and mind, the relation between language and society and many other fields. The Linguistics Journal intends to represent this dynamism and seeks to provide a platform for the publication of studies in the following fields:

• Phonetics and Phonology, including studies in Optimality Theory
• Semantics
• Morphology
• Syntax
• Semiotics
• Discourse Analysis, Pragmatics and Conversation Analysis
• Language Acquisition
• Psycholinguistics
• Sociolinguistics including work into gender and new Englishes
• Computational linguistics including corpus-based studies
• Formal and Functional linguistics
• Pure, Theoretical and Pedagogic linguistics
• Contrastive and Comparative linguistics

Latest Edition

LIJ Volume 15 Issue 2 December 2021

December 14, 2021LIJ

Welcome to the Linguistics International Journal Volume 15 Issue 2 December 2021. This edition presents 6 papers in the field of Linguistics...

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Chief Editor

Ramon Medriano, Jr., Lyceum Northwestern University, Philippines

Senior Advisers

Roger Nunn, The Petroleum Institute, UAE
John Adamson, University of Nigata Prefecture, Japan
Z.N. Patil, The English and Foreign Languages University, India

Honored Advisors

Mr. Huw Jarvis, Salford University, UK
Prof. Nobuyuki Honna, Aoyama Gakuin University, Japan
Mingsheng Li, Massey University, New Zealand

Associate Editors

Phan Thi Thanh Thao, Hue University of Foreign Languages, Vietnam
Mark B. Ulla, Walailak University, Thailand
Mr. William MacDonald, University of Nagasaki (Siebold), Japan
Dennis Foung, The University of British Columbia, Canada

Associate Editor for Production

Japhet E. Manzano, De La Salle University, Philippines

Proofreaders

Emilia Aigotti Garcia, Northeastern University of Illinois, USA
Bethany Anne Aull, La Universidad de Sevilla, Spain
April Lynn Grotberg, Purdue University, USA
Jordan Lavender, Colby College, USA
Wilson Joseph Miller, San Francisco State University, USA
Emily A. E. Williams, University of Texas at Arlington, USA

Editors

Ahmad Al-Hassan, University of Petra, Jordan
Akemi Matsuya, Takachiho University, Japan
Yanling Su Jones, Cardiff University, UK
Alex Ho-Cheong Leung, Faculty of Arts, Northumbria University, UK
Alvaro Arias, Universidad de Oviedo, Spain
Dimitra Karoulla-Vrikki, European University, Cyprus
Amir Kaviani, Azad Zayed University, UAE
Anjali Pandey, Salisbury University, USA
Anna Feldman, Montclair State University, USA
Arthur Firkins, SEAMEO RELC, Singapore
Anindya Syam Choudhury, Assam University, India
Ashraf Kamal Abdelhay, University of Cambridge, UK
Augusto Lorenzino, Temple University, Philadelphia, USA
Bader Dweik, Middle East University, Jordan
Brajesh Priyadarshi, All India Institute of Speech and Hearing (AIISH), India
Brona Murphy, University of Edinburgh, UK
Caroline Fuchs, Columbia University, USA
Carole E. Chaski, Institute for Linguistic Evidence, Georgetown, USA
Chandrika Balasubramanian, Western Carolina University, USA
Christian Jones, University of Central Lancashire, UK
Cristina D. Dye, Newcastle University, UK
David Coulson, Ritsumeikan University, Japan
Delano S. Lamy, University of Florida, USA
Dinha Tobiya Ghorgis, San Diego, California, USA
Denise L. Cloonan Cortez de Andersen, Northeastern Illinois University, USA
Dorothea Hoffmann, University of Manchester, UK
Eirene Katsarou, Democritus University of Thrace, Greece
Evita Linardaki, Hellenic Open University, Greece
Farzaneh Khodabandeh, Mobarakeh University, Iran
Francesca Ervas, Institut Jean Nicod, France
Georgia Andreou, University of Thessaly, Greece
Guozhi Cai, University of Birmingham, UK
Hayat al-Khatib, The Arab Open University, Beirut
Helen Horton, University of Sunderland, UK
Hong Wan, Hainan Normal University, China
Huw Bell, Manchester Metropolitan University, UK
Dararat Khampusaen, Khon Kaen University, Thailand
Ignacio Gregorio Sales, Universidad de Alcal (Madrid), Spain
Inge Stockburger, Northeastern Illinois University, USA
Irene Alonso-Aparicio, Columbia University, USA
Isabel Balteiro, Universidad de Alicante, Spain
Joanne McDowell, University of Hertfordshire, UK
Jo Angouri, University of Western England, UK
Jon Clenton, Osaka University, Japan
Josep Alba-Salas, College of the Holy Cross, USA
K. Sarojini Krishnan, Northern University of Malaysia, Malaysia
Kate Power, University of British Columbia, Canada
Kelechukwu U Ihemere, University of Westminster, UK
Kristin M. Carlson, Thiel College, USA
Larisa Nikitina, University of Malaya, Malaysia
Laura L. Paterson, University of Leeds, UK
Liwei Gao, Monterey, USA
Ljiljana Saric, University of Oslo, Norway
Ludovico Franco, Universit Ca Foscari, Italy
Majid Fatahipour, Islamic Azad University, Parand Branch, Iran
Maria Angeles Ruiz Moneva, University of Saragossa, Spain
Maria Belen Diez-Bedmar, University of Jaen, Spain
Maria Carmen Parafita Couto, University of Strathclyde, UK
Maria Luisa Carri Pastor, Universitat Politcnica de Valncia, Spain
Maria Luisa Spicer-Escalante, Utah State University, USA
Ahmad AL-Harahsheh, Yarmouk University, Jordan
Marta Ortega-Llebaria, University of Pittsburgh, USA
Mauro Giuffre, Universit degli Studi di Palermo, Italy
Mohamed Abdelmageed Mansour, Assiut University, Egypt
Nahla Shalhoub Bacha, Lebanese American University, Lebanon
Nasser Rashidi, University of Shiraz, Iran
Parvaneh Tavokoli, University of Reading, UK
Payung Cedar, Naresuan University, Thailand
Pedro Guijarro-Fuentes, University of Plymouth, UK
Ram Das Akella, English Foreign languages University, India
Raphiq Ibrahim, University of Haifa, Israel
Richard Bale, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Switzerland
Sami Dadi, College of Applied Sciences, Oman
Samir Diouny, Chouaib Doukkali University, Morocco
Sasha Michael, Univesitat Koblenz-Landau, Germany
Wain-Chin Dana Chen, Republic of China Military Academy, Taiwan
Seetha Jayaraman, Dhofar University, Sultanate of Oman
Seyed Vahid Aryadoust, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
Subhash Chandra, Ministry of Communication and Information Technology, India
Su Hang, University of Birmingham, UK
Tanja Angelovska, University of Salzburg, Austria
Tasha Lewis, Loyola University Maryland, USA
Vander Viana, University of Stirling, UK
Viola G. Miglio, University of California, USA
Michael Thomas, University of Central Lancashire, UK
Alexandra Pitt, Middlesex University, UK
Sharif Alghazo, University of Jordan, Jordan
Haoran Mao, Lancaster University, UK / Fujian Normal University, China
Rouhollah Askari Bigdeli, Yasouj University, Iran
Wang Huili, Dalian University of Technology, China
William MacDonald, Fukui Prefectural University, Japan
Lukasz Zarzycki, Higher School of Tourism and Foreign Languages, Poland
Pieter Austin Gardiner, University of Birmingham, UK
Emmaline Lear, University of Canberra, Australia
Vijaya vani Vemula, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, India
Mustafa Yildiz, Sinop University, Turkey
Barry Lee Reynolds, Ph.D., University of Macau, Macau
Nataliia Gach, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Ukraine
Phalangchok Wanphet, Nord University, Norway
George Mathew Nalliveettil, Aljouf University, Saudi Arabia
Amarendra Kumar Dash, Rajiv Gandhi University of Knowledge Technologies, India
Mahwish Mumtaz Niazi, Majmaa University, Saudi Arabia
Didik Santoso, State Islamic University of North Sumatera, Indonesia
Yahya Mohammed Ali Al-Marrani, Sana’a University, Yemen
Lubna Ali Mohammed Saleh, Lincoln University College, Malaysia
Zhila Bahman, Monash University, Australia
Beena Anil, SDNB Vaishnav College for Women, India
Amr El-Zawawy, Alexandria University, Egypt
Maskanah Mohammad Lotfie, International Islamic University, Malaysia
Josephine C. Visande, Mindanao University of Science and Technology, Philippines
Muhammad Kristiawan, Universitas Bengkulu, Indonesia
João Veloso, Faculdade de Letras da Universidade do Porto, Portugal
Muhammad Akram, The University of Lahore, Pakistan
Pritam I. Thakur, Vidya Pratishthan Baramati Dist. Pune, India
Vinod Bhatt, Amity University, Madhya Pradesh, India
Nasrin Salama Altuwairesh, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia
Natasha Memon, Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, Pakistan
Fotini Anastassiou, University of Thessaly / Hellenic Open University, Greece
Abdelkader Hermas, Université Ibn Zohr (Avenzoar), Morocco
Joselito Castro Gutierrez, Saint Louis University, Baguio City, Philippines
Bai Salam Macapia Ibrahim, Mindanao State University, Philippines
Ana Jovanović, University of Belgrade, Serbia
Jesus Rafael B. Jarata, Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University, Philippines
Zaha Alonazi, Majmaa University, Saudi Arabia
Philip P. Limerick, Eastern Kentucky University, USA